urbanism is formed of the interaction of two different, but related sciences of urban design and urban planning which have changed and improved due to their mutual interaction. The contemporary urbanism developments unlike the past are accomplished via combining the urban design and planning measures, so that they have a tendency to become a unique process. Consideration of urban environment in the process and planning of the urban development has led to a greater interaction between planning and design and the necessity of taking it into account in the urban planning process has resulted in the formation of New approaches in urbanism fields. In this research, which is of the comparative-analytical type, the conceptual model of Design led planning approach has been proposed following library studies and analysis of the content of design-based planning approach which is generally consisted of nine steps. 1) The plan statement: The city is continuously in need of planning and designing. To solve the urban problems, there must always be programs defined by the city managers, in order to address shortcomings and appropriate measures in any particular condition. At the beginning of each project, background literature, theories and similar conducted studies might be explained in separate chapters. In the following section and based on the conceptual model (DLP) it is necessary to briefly explain the issues being studied and examine the considered design. Location, plan and design of the political context are explained. A general and basic vision is presented for the visualization of a desired future as well as the design of policies expressed in the planning process. 2) The recognition, assessment and data analysis: In this stage, there needs to be a greater recognition of the situation. In general, recognition can be classified into four categories of knowledge that are: a) the prevailing climatic conditions such as temperature, wind direction, rainfall, the snow and the sunshine. b) General information about the economic, social and cultural features. c) Review and analysis of the study area in Upper documents. d) Recognition of the quality of the environment and the public space. 3) The explanation of the spatial and non-spatial integrated analysis: In the process of urban planning and designing, possibilities and limitations are affecting the planning and design of all different types of policies. At this stage of the process of the proposed model (DLP), possibilities and limitations identified in the previous stage are entered in GIS in the form of point features, line and polygon, and information on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats initiated in the database are inserted. 4) Explanation of the vision: Vision is a clear and concise description of future appearance of the city which will appear in the future, when the potentials of all its power put into effect. The importance of vision and visioning in the determination of economic, social and physical future of cities and districts is so significant that it can be considered as the heart of the process of urban planning and designing. 5) Strategy formulation: Developing strategies in order to determine the various actions that are planned will achieve a coherent and considered vision. In accordance with the recognition of the study area defined and in the course of the realization of the vision, strategies need to be developed. 6) The modeling and preparation of the document framework of the urban planning and designing: Structural design or urban design guidelines reflect the spatial and non-spatial urban designing policies which are shown based on the concept of optimization in the form of tables and maps in GIS. Urban planning documents are prepared for areas that need control, guidance and encouragement in order to be changed and evolved. To reach fulfillment in showing flexibility in the preparation of urban design guideline documents, fuzzy logic (Fuzzy Logic) has been used and zoning maps with the relevant tables have been prepared using GIS. 7) Allocation of resources, standards and design patterns: The main motive for the implementation of development projects is consideration of financial resources. Consideration of financial expenses required for policies causes solidarity in their implementation. In urban planning and designing, observing criteria and appropriate proposed patterns is necessary. 8) The projects and designing of proposed plans: To reach fulfillment in proposed policies, some projects must be considered at this stage and suggested maps must be drawn. Several projects May be required for each and every policy, or the implementation of one of the projects may make a policy become certain. In designing suggested maps, the allocation of resources, presented conditions and patterns must be considered as the bases of the design. 9) The implementation and monitoring: The implementation stage is a difficult part in the process of design led planning (DLP) in urban development plans. Implementation and monitoring are done at the same time. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms create feedback links in the DLP process.The design led planning approach in the process of making urban development plan considers different design policies in the process of planning, and using a comprehensive and firm plan leads to achieve the determined goals and helps promote the quality of the city environment.

The problems of rapid civilizations, ignorance of urban open spaces & urban sprawls especially in Europe and North American cities, cause the New approach "Landscape urbanism" in recent decades. Besides, interaction and overlaps between landscape architecture and urban design and ignorance of them to the landscape and open space as a main infrastructure of the city has been increased the need for this approach. In the traditional approaches, architecture always considered as a main element of city building. However, with the growing importance of landscape urbanism, this emphasize as been changed.The main goal of this article is to understand landscape urbanism as a New approach emergent according to the interaction of landscape architecture and urban design. The result of this article shows that landscape urbanism as a New trend owns its fundamentals and goals from landscape architecture and urban design. This approach has an interdisciplinary nature. In this trend, landscape and open space as main elements of the city building are the core emphasizes. The survey of academic conditions shows that a few universities establish independent educational programs of landscape urbanism. Teaching the courses of this discipline is done in the middle of the related programs syllabuses.

New urbanism has been described as the most influential movement in architecture and planning in the United States in the modernism movement.Some argue that New urbanism is the answer to suburban sprawl and the way urban centers were decaying and the simultaneous increase of communities that were fragmented, car-oriented and spread out. In recent years, New urbanism principals have been adopted for many housing and neighborhood planning efforts. New urbanism emphasis on traditional neighborhood design to create sustainable and efficient communities.Traditional neighborhoods design is a set of development practices to create more attractive and more compact communities designed to encourage bicycling and walking for short trips by providing destinations close to home and work, and by providing sidewalks and a pleasant environment for walking and biking.This article has tried to introduce New urbanism movement and its charter and the most important principal of it that are applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community such as walkability, connectivity, mixed-use and diversity, mixed housing, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, public transportation, parking planning, public participation, etc.while the benefits and criticism of the movement have been studied, then New urbanism neighborhood design features and the sequence of design were investigated.The main question of this article is what and how principals of New urbanism can be applied in inner city neighborhoods planning, while the design features and sequence of design should have been taken into consideration.This article concludes that New urbanism principals are consistent with boarder policies aimed at improving living conditions and opportunities for inner city residents.

Big cities have a lot of crime at its heart. State crime statistics indicate that Tehran metropolis due to the special circumstances of the geographical space and the highest crime statistics between the cities of the country. The incidence of these crimes, issues and has created many challenges for citizens and city managers. The most important theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the formation of centers of crime is crime prevention through environmental design. This article is extracted from a doctoral thesis titled as New urbanism and management of urban defenseless spaces to control criminal behavior; case study Tehran. This study seeks to discover which factors and environmental conditions help to facilitate crimes such as theft in the city? The research method is descriptive. After theoretical studies, through sub-GIS software, and then observation centers have been identified robbery, factors and conditions facilitating the study was to explore the relationship between the two. The results indicate that the major centers of mass in the regions 6 and 7. Observing weak territoriality, little oversight residents by design poor, the poor people in places due to lack of planning, lack of standards urbanism, walls and windows dirty and rundown of the major factors and conditions that are rule in hot spots of Tehran.

Encyclopedia of New religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of New religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

In the wake of Jacobs’s criticisms of planning, planners increasingly felt a level of angst over, or even responsibility for, the condition of the city. Schooled in preparing and implementing plans and land use regulations, they appreciated the appeal of a New movement that offered a simple, tangible, and marketable recipe for practice. New urbanism Theory is one of the contemporary urban theories that developed as a movement within practice as a response to the failure of cities and suburbs in the mid-twentieth century. Now these questions take shape in one’s mind: May New urbanism lead to planning a good community? How is New urbanism developing theory, and how does it contribute to our understanding of theory? How is planning theory responding to New urbanism and the insights its practice generates? These are questions that the present paper tried to answer them. Using content analysis, various ideas and views about New urbanism and its formation from theory to practice have been reviewed and criticized. We concluded that although the New urbanists want to turn the situation around and they envision cities without suburbs, in practice, they could not make a good community according to the principles that this normative theory is committed to.In present day, most New urbanist projects have proven relatively homogeneous in composition. Rather than minimizing differences, New urbanist projects have sometimes exacerbated societal differences by creating enclaves of affluence in the urban environment.

Introduction: Walking is one of the most basic methods of transportation in cities. Before the Industrial Revolution, pattern of movements within cities was based on a human scale. But with the onset of Industrial Revolution and the subsequent dominance of modernist thought, the role and importance of pedestrian zones diminished. Due to the unsatisfactory situation of modern urban planning and its failure, the increased importance given to human development and environmental issues resulted in the Introduction: of New urbanism approach. New urbanism is a response to modernism and the negative effects of suburban expansionin Europe and North America after World War II. In recent years, there have been widespread reactions against the use of motorized vehiclesseeking to revive the issue of increasing walkabilityof cities. With a population of 3057679, Mashhad annually receives 30 million pilgrims and tourists due to the presence of holy shrine of Imam Reza (Peace be Upon Him), which sometimes makes the movement of pedestrians especially around the holy Razavishrine difficult. Furthermore, the holy Razavishrine is located in the central part of the city (Central Business District-CBD) surrounded by a worn-out urban texture and a network of organic passages and thus needs paths with walkability capability. Therefore, the present study intends to identify walkable and human-centered routesin Mashhad using the New urbanism approach. Materials and Methods: The present study takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic survey methodology. 32 quantitative and qualitative pedestrian related indices are investigated and 400 questionnairesaredistributedin Mashhad. ArcGIS software is used to analyze the collected data. The study area is Mashhad with an area of around 35187 hectares, a population of 3057679, and a population density of 87 per hectare. Results and Discussion: Investigating respondents’ age group indicates that 5% of respondents are in the 15-24 year age group, 17% in the age group of 25-34 years, 9% in the age group of 35-44 years, 15. 75% in the age group of 45-54 years, 22% in the age group of 55-64 years and 31. 25% in the age group of 65 years and more. 32% of the respondents are men and 68% are women. Surveys show that pedestrians in the western half of Mashhad are more energetic. Public participation is higher in informal settlements of Mashhad. Police records show that crime rates are higher in the suburbs of Mashhad. Regarding hiking culture, the findings show that districts number 1, 8, 9 and 11 ranked highest in the studied indices. The patterns and spatial trends of activities and population attraction centers establishmentin Mashhad show that due to the presence of holy Razavi shrine, most of these activities are located in the central part of the city (CBD), which has the highest potential to attract the population. In fact, the CBD and western areas of Mashhad have the highest economic potential to attract popular activities in Mashhad and thus, the highest number of air pollution sources. The central part of the city (CBD) and west of Mashhad have the highest sources of air pollution. Moreover, the central part of the city (CBD) and the western parts of Mashhad show the highest degree of interconnection in their urban pathways and thus, are more capable of facilitating movement within the city. Per capita green space of Mashhad is 14. 26 m2. District number 7 with an area of 2736894 m2 (22. 4%) have the mostand Samendistrict with an area of 44736 m2 (0. 36%) have the least green space. Conclusion: Based on 10 principles of New urbanism, 32 quantitative and qualitative pedestrian related indices were extracted, identifying the paths that canbe used as routesfor pedestrians. For this purpose, 400 questionnaires were distributedin districts of Mashhad. Quantitative and qualitative data were then converted to location-based data and used for spatial analysis (SDA). Finally, combining location-based data, pedestrian routes were identified in Mashhad. Results: indicate that based on the New urbanism indices, district number 8 and Thamenare the first priority, district number11 is the second priority and district number2 is the third priority for pedestrian routes. Kohsangi, Imam Reza (AS) and Moallem-Imamatstreets were also identified as the best pedestrian routes in Mashhad.

New urbanism is the important planning movement in this century, and is about creating a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live. New urbanism is the revival of our lost art of place-making, and is essentially a re-ordering of the built environment into the form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods-the way communities have been built for centuries around the world. New urbanism involves fixing and infilling cities, as well as the creation of compact New towns and villages. The principles of New urbanism can be applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community. New Urbanists claim that the physical characteristics of New urbanism can lead to the development of a sense of place. According to this claim, the increase in social interaction also leads to an increase in sense of place among residents. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to recognize the effect of each of the principles of New urbanism on the increase of sense of place in Tehran's Haft-Houz neighborhood. Method: This research is a fundamental research in terms of purpose. Also, due to the fact that its results can be used to solve urban planning problems in the Haft-Houz neighborhood and to promote the sense of place among residents, it is also functional research. Methodologically, this research is a descriptive and analytical research. The study used the researcher-made survey questionnaire as a principal tool for gathering data. At first, 20 questionnaires were distributed among the relevant experts and researchers. Then, based on their suggestions and opinions, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed. To standardize and validate the questionnaire, qualitative assessment was done using an expert panel and quantitative assessment was done using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Reliability assessment was done by a test–, retest method and use of Cronbach's alpha. The result showed that the questionnaire has a high content and Face validity. Also on the basis of Cronbach's alpha reliability is high. The statistical population consists of residents of Haft Houz neighborhood, located in region 8 of Tehran city, according to the Iran population and housing census in 2016, it is 30401 people. The number of samples was obtained using Cochran method. According to the calculations, 321 individuals were sampled for study, but increased to 500 simple in order to achieve better results. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaire among the samples. To analyze the data, a multivariate regression model has been used because in this research we have 10 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. The data of these variables are numerical and relative. Results and discussion: The correlation(R) between independent and dependent variables is 0. 88 and is high. Also, the determination coefficient (R square) indicates that 0. 776 of the variation of dependent variable (sense of place) is related to the independent variables (ten principles of New urbanism) studied in this research. From this, quality of life with a standardized coefficient of 0. 636 has the greatest effect on sense of place. Also, in this study, the sustainability with a beta coefficient of 0. 284, Walkability with beta coefficient of 0. 282, green transportation with beta coefficient of 0. 249, Quality Architecture & Urban Design with beta coefficient of 0. 240, Connectivity with beta coefficient of 0. 027, Mixed-Use & Diversity with beta coefficient of 0. 072, Mixed Housing with beta coefficient of 0. 069 and Traditional Neighborhood Structure with beta coefficient of 0. 064 affect the sense of place in the Haft-Houz neighborhood. Also, the variable "high density" with a beta coefficient of-0. 09 has a decreasing effect on the sense of place. The results of this study showed that, other than the component of increasing density, other components and principles of New urbanism have a positive effect on the sense of place in this Haft Houz Neighborhood. New urbanism through walkability, connectivity, Mixed-Use & Diversity, Traditional Neighborhood Structure, Quality Architecture & Urban Design, green transportation, sustainability, Mixed housing and quality of life have increased the sense of place among residents of Haft-Houz neighborhood. Based on this, we can use the principles of New urbanism in planning and urban design in neighborhoods to enhance the sense of place and identity. As the results showed, the principle of quality of life and sustainability had the greatest impact on the sense of place in the Haft-Houz neighborhood. These principles can be prioritized in urban planning. Other principles can be prioritized in terms of their impact. Conclusion: According to research results, an adjustment can be made in New urbanism. So, instead of increasing the density, we must maintain balance. Because the high density may reduce the interest of residents to the place. Therefore, among the ten Principles of New urbanism, nine principles are acceptable for the planning and development of the Haft-Houz neighborhood. As a result, it can be said that New urbanism has an influence on the development of a sense of place in the Haft-Houz neighborhood in Tehran. This is a result based on the local conditions and views of the residents of Haft-Houz neighborhood in Tehran city. Other research in other neighborhoods may show different results, but the conditions of the neighborhood of Haft-Houz indicate that the neighborhood needs principles of New urbanism, but without high density. Every place should be designed for its own people. These are people who decide what they want and what they do not want. Therefore, people's desires should be decisive in choosing solutions and patterns of architecture and urban planning. In this context, New urbanism is no exception.

Introduction: Tactical urban planning is mentioned as an emerging movement in urban planning in which citizens’,interventions in the urban space in the form of rapid and low-cost implementation is one of its main features. It is an approach that addresses alternative urban futures based on fundamental democracy and social justice. This approach seeks to realize the active action of citizens in recovering and redesigning small-scale urban spaces and promoting a sense of belonging to urban environments. However, this subject in the internal studies has gotten less precise and in-depth investigation, so the need to develop a theoretical framework for its application in domestic urban planning is felt. It seems that in our country, like many developing countries, decision-making processes in urban areas are usually top-down. Bureaucratic procedures in preparing and implementing programs do not have the necessary flexibility, and people's participation for various reasons is still not fully realized and not enough. In this situation, carrying out or facilitating some urban projects in a tactical way can increase social capital and citizen participation, improve and enhance the quality of urban spaces, and create places in the form of active citizen agency. Materials and Methods: This study seeks to answer the three main questions “, What”, , “, Why”, , and “, How”,about “, Tactical urbanism”,and develop a theoretical framework of this approach for its application in urban planning and urban management. In line with research objectives, based on the systematic review method, after searching for sources and selecting optimal research documents in three stages, scientific documents were selected, and the process of content analysis, code extraction, and compilation of themes based on three categories were done. Initial verification was performed on the text of these documents. In the first stage, using the method of "library studies", the subject's background is collected with the help of an online search. In March 2017, in the first phase, 76 articles, dissertations”, , and scientific-research notes were downloaded by searching for the keywords “, Tactical Urban Design”,and “, Tactical urbanism”,in Google Scholar search environment. It should be noted that the subject of tactical urban planning, due to its nature, has been reflected more in the form of practical projects. Therefore, a significant part of the textual documents available on this subject are guides or practical reports of implemented projects. After carefully reviewing the titles and summaries of these documents, 23 titles were removed due to insufficient validity, and the texts of the 53 remaining documents in the second stage were re-examined and refined. At this stage, with a quick review of the contents, 39 scientific documents were selected. Findings: In the category of “, What”,is tactical urbanism and in the theme of “, Similar Concepts”, , the codes of “, DIY urbanism”,and “, Guerrilla urbanism”, , in the category of codes related to the theme of “, Characteristics”, , the codes of “, Low Cost”,and “, Temporary”,and in the category of codes associated with the theme of “, Nature”, , the code of “, Creativity and Innovation”,had the most repetition. Content analysis of the category “, Why”,was summarized in two categories of “, Underlying Factors”,in the form of 14 codes and seven themes, and also the “, Benefits”,of this method of urban planning in the form of 25 codes and five themes. In the first category, “, long and bureaucratic procedures”,and “, non-accountability of government institutions”, , and in the second category, “, realization of citizen participation in decision-making and implementation”,had the most repetition. Also, in the category of “, how”, , the findings of content analysis are organized in the form of the themes of “, actors”, , “, types of applications”, , “, how to do”,and “, obstacles and challenges”, . Finally, in the framework of this category, the types of tactical urban planning experiences in the form of completed projects have been analyzed. They have been set in 27 instances and eight different thematic categories. In this section, “, reuse of lost spaces in the city”,and “, public art and details of space design”,have had the most repetition among the examples. The main issues underlying the expansion of tactical urban planning in the world in our country also have their examples with differences in intensity and quality. Although tactical projects are fast, sometimes temporary, and in the format of low-cost projects, they have led to significant and permanent changes in different cities in many cases. Additionally, benefiting from the active agency experience of citizens in organizing and improving the quality of urban spaces as one of the essential benefits of expanding tactical urban planning experiences emphasizes the importance of following this approach in a planned manner. Given that the actors of this approach in different countries have included a diverse range of urban agents, involving NGOs and socially active groups, especially in urban neighborhoods, accompanying and justifying them concerning the ways to advance tactical projects, their benefits, and giving examples for ideation, is recommended. Although the decision-making and implementation of these projects in many countries are followed from the bottom up, the role of city managers, on the one hand, and academic professionals and experts in the field of urban planning, on the other hand, cannot be ignored. Various examples of tactical urban planning, presented in this study as a regular framework in several specific thematic areas, while emphasizing the contextual view, are applicable in many urban spaces and neighborhoods of our country and can be used to start tactical processes and projects. At the same time, in different neighborhoods and cities, there are undoubtedly indigenous and traditional examples of effective and active agency of citizens, especially in urban neighborhoods, whose revitalization and strengthening can improve the quality of urban spaces and help achieve various benefits of tactical urban planning. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used by local managers, urban planners, urban planning stakeholders, and non-governmental organizations to carry out tactical projects by adopting a localization approach and considering socio-cultural contexts and legal potentials.